1ـ The Holy Qurʾān.
2ـ Abū al-Ḥusayn al-Khayyāṭ, ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. Muḥammad, al-Intiṣār wa-al-Radd ʿalā Ibn al-Rāwandī al-Mulḥid, Cairo, Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyyah, 1925 [Arabic].
3ـ Abū ʿAmr al-Dānī, ʿUthmān b. Saʿīd, al-Aḥruf al-Sabʿah, ed. ʿAbd al-Muhaymin Ṭaḥḥān, Mecca, Maktabat al-Manārah, 1408 AH [Arabic].
4ـ Abū Dāwūd, Sulaymān b. al-Ashʿath, al-Sunan, ed. Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, Beirut, al-Maktabah al-Miṣriyyah, n.d. [Arabic].
5ـ Abū Shāmah al-Maqdisī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ismāʿīl, al-Murshid al-Wajīz, ed. Ṭayyār Āltī Qūlāj, Beirut, Dār Ṣādir, 1975 [Arabic].
6ـ Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim b. Sallām, al-Īmān, ed. Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī, Riyadh, Maktabat al-Maʿārif, 1966 [Arabic].
7ـ Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim b. Sallām, Faḍāʾil al-Qurʾān, ed. Marwān ʿAṭiyyah et al., Beirut, Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1995 [Arabic].
8ـ Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim b. Sallām, Gharīb al-Ḥadīth, ed. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Muʿīd Khān, Deccan, Maṭbaʿat Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyyah, 1964 [Arabic].
9ـ Abū Yaʿlā al-Ḥanbalī al-Baghdādī, al-Muʿtamad fī Uṣūl al-Dīn, ed. Wadīʿ Zaydān Ḥaddād, Beirut, Dār al-Mashriq, 1974 [Arabic].
10ـ Abū Zahrah, Muḥammad, Tārīkh al-Madhāhib al-Islāmiyyah fī al-Siyāsah wa-al-ʿAqāʾid, Egypt, Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī, 1996 [Arabic].
11ـ Abyārī, ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl, al-Taḥqīq wa-al-Bayān, ed. ʿAlī Bassām Jazāʾirī, Kuwait, Dār al-Ḍiyāʾ, 2013 [Arabic].
12ـ ʿAffān b. Muslim et al., al-Aḥādīth, ed. Ḥamzah Aḥmad Zayn, Cairo, Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2004 [Arabic].
13ـ Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, al-ʿIlal, ed. Waṣiyy Allāh Muḥammad ʿAbbās, Riyadh, Dār al-Khānī, 2001 [Arabic].
14ـ Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, Uṣūl al-Sunnah, Kharj, Dār al-Manār, 1411 AH [Arabic].
15ـ Ashʿarī, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl, al-Ibānah ʿan Uṣūl al-Diyānah, ed. Ṣāliḥ al-ʿUṣaymī, Riyadh, Dār al-Faḍīlah, 2011 [Arabic].
16ـ Ashʿarī, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl, Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn, ed. Hellmut Ritter, Wiesbaden, 1980 [Arabic].
17ـ Azharī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad, Tahdhīb al-Lughah, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 2001 [Arabic].
18ـ Baghawī, Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd, Maʿālim al-Tanzīl, ed. ʿAbd al-Razzāq Mahdī, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 2000 [Arabic].
19ـ Bāqillānī, Muḥammad b. al-Ṭayyib, al-Intiṣār li-l-Qurʾān, ed. Muḥammad ʿIṣām al-Quḍāt, ʿAmmān, Dār al-Fatḥ, n.d. [Arabic].
20ـ Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn, al-Madkhal ilā al-Sunan al-Kubrā, ed. Muḥammad ʿAwwāmah, Cairo, Dār al-Yusr, 2017 [Arabic].
21ـ Bazzār, Aḥmad b. ʿAmr, al-Musnad, ed. Maḥfūẓ al-Raḥmān Zayn Allāh et al., Medina, Maktabat al-ʿUlūm wa-al-Ḥikam, 2009 [Arabic].
22ـ Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar, Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1420 AH [Arabic].
23ـ Goldziher, Ignaz, Gerāyeshhā-ye Tafsīrī dar Miyān-e Mosalmānān, tr. Nāṣer Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tehran, Qoqnūs, 1383 SAH [Persian].
24ـ Ḥarb al-Kirmānī, al-Masāʾil, ed. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh Sarīʿ, Beirut, Muʾassasat al-Rayyān, 2013 [Arabic].
25ـ Hudhalī, Yūsuf ibn ‘Alī, al-Kāmil fī al-Qirā’āt, ed. Jamāl ibn Sayyid Shāyib, Cairo, Mu’assasat Samā lil-Tawzī‘ wa al-Nashr, 2007 [Arabic].
26ـ Ibn Abī Shaybah, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad, al-Muṣannaf, ed. Saʿd b. Nāṣir b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Abū Ḥabīb al-Shithrī, Riyadh, Dār Kunūz Ashbīliyā, 2015 [Arabic].
27ـ Ibn al-Jazarī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad, al-Nashr fī al-Qirāʾāt al-ʿAshr, ed. ʿAlī Muḥammad Ḍabbāʿ, Beirut, Al-Maṭbaʿah al-Tijāriyyah al-Kubrā, n.d. [Arabic].
28ـ Ibn al-Nadīm, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq, al-Fihrist, ed. Riḍā Tajaddud, Tehran, Kitābkhānah-yi Marvī, 1971 CE [Arabic].
29ـ Ibn Durayd, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, Jamharat al-Lughah, Beirut, Dār al-ʿIlm lil-Malāyīn, 1987 [Arabic].
30ـ Ibn Fāris, Aḥmad, Muʿjam Maqāyīs al-Lughah, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1979 [Arabic].
31ـ Ibn Ḥazm, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, al-Aḥkām fī Uṣūl al-Aḥkām, ed. Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir, Beirut, Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīdah, n.d. [Arabic].
32ـ Ibn Ḥazm, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, al-Fiṣal fī al-Milal wa-al-Ahwāʾ wa-al-Niḥal, Cairo, Maktabat al-Khānjī, n.d. [Arabic].
33ـ Ibn Ḥazm, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, al-Rasāʾil, ed. Iḥsān ʿAbbās, Beirut, al-Muʾassasah al-ʿArabīyah lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Nashr, 1980-1983 [Arabic].
34ـ Ibn Qutaybah, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim, Taʾwīl Mushkil al-Qurʾān, ed. Ibrāhīm Shams al-Dīn, Beirut, Maktabat al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1423 AH [Arabic].
35ـ Ibn Sīda, ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl, al-Muḥkam wa al-Muḥīṭ al-Aʿẓam, ed. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Hindāwī, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2000 [Arabic].
36ـ Ibn Taymiyyah, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, Majmūʿ al-Fatāwā, Medina, Mujmmaʿ al-Malik Fahd li-Ṭibāʿat al-Muṣḥaf al-Sharīf, 1416 AH [Arabic].
37ـ Ibn Wahb, ʿAbd Allāh, Tafsīr al-Qurʾān, ed. Miklós Murányi, Beirut, Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, n.d. [Arabic].
38ـ ʿIṭr, Ḥasan Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn, al-Aḥruf al-Sabʿah wa-Manẓilah al-Qirāʾāt Minhā, Beirut, Dār al-Bashāʾir al-Islāmīyah, 1409 H/ 1988 [Arabic].
39ـ Jāḥiẓ, ʿAmr b. Baḥr, al-Bayān wa-al-Tabyīn, ed. ʿAlī Bū Mulḥam, Beirut, Dār wa-Maktabat al-Hilāl, n.d. [Arabic].
40ـ Jāḥiẓ, ʿAmr b. Baḥr, al-Ḥayawān, ed. Muḥammad Bāsil ʿUyūn al-Sūd, Beirut, 1424 AH [Arabic].
41ـ Jawharī, Ismāʿīl b. Ḥammād, al-Ṣiḥāḥ Tāj al-Lughah wa-Ṣiḥāḥ al-ʿArabiyyah, Beirut, Dār al-ʿIlm lil-Malāyīn, 1407 AH [Arabic].
42ـ Jurjānī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Durj al-Durar fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān, ed. Iyād b. ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Qaysī and Walīd Aḥmad Ḥusayn, Manchester, Majallat al-Ḥikmah, 2008 [Arabic].
43ـ Jurjānī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, Sharḥ al-Mawāqif, Cairo, Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿādah, 1907 [Arabic].
44ـ Khalīl b. Aḥmad, al-ʿAyn, ed. Mahdī al-Makhzūmī and Ibrāhīm al-Sāmarrāʾī, Beirut, Dār wa Maktabat al-Hilāl, 1980 [Arabic].
45ـ Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Tārīkh Baghdād, ed. Muṣṭafā ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1425 AH [Arabic].
46ـ Khaṭṭābī, Ḥamd b. Muḥammad, Iʿjāz al-Qurʾān, ed. Muḥammad Khalaf Allāh and Muḥammad Zaghlūl Sallām, Cairo, Dār al-Maʿārif, 1976 [Arabic].
47ـ Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb, al-Kāfī, ed. ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyyah, 1391 AH [Arabic].
48ـ Lālakāʾī, Hibat Allāh b. al-Ḥasan, Iʿtiqād Ahl al-Sunnah, ed. Aḥmad Saʿd Ḥamdān, Riyadh, Dār Ṭayyibah, 1402 [Arabic].
49ـ Makki b. Abī Ṭālib al-Qaysī, al-Ibānah ʿan Maʿānī al-Qirāʾāt, ed. Muḥyī al-Dīn Ramaḍān, Damascus, Dār al-Ghawthānī lil-Dirāsāt al-ʿĀliyah, 1427 AH [Arabic].
50ـ Mālik b. Anas, al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, narration of Abū Muṣʿab al-Zuhrī, ed. Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf and Maḥmūd Muḥammad Khalīl, Beirut, Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1991 [Arabic].
51ـ Mojtahed Shabestarī, Muḥammad, “Ibn Kullāb”, Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, Tehran, Markaz-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, 1370 SAH [Persian].
52ـ Muslim b. al-Ḥajjāj, al-Ṣaḥīḥ, ed. Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī, Cairo, Maṭbaʿat al-Ḥalabī, 1374 AH [Arabic].
53ـ Nöldeke, Theodor, Tārīkh al-Qurʾān, tr. W. George Tamer, Zurich, Hildesheim, 2004 [Arabic].
54ـ Nūrī Ṭabarsī, Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad, Kifāyat al-Muwaḥḥidīn, Tehran, Islāmiyyah, n.d. [Persian].
55ـ Pakatchī, Aḥmad, “Abū ʿAmr al-Dānī”, The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Vol. 6, Tehran, Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1994 [Persian].
56ـ Pakatchī, Aḥmad, “Ibn Mujāhid”, The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, Tehran, Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1991 [Persian].
57ـ Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Muʿtazilī, al-Mughnī fī Abwāb al-Tawḥīd wa al-ʿĀdl, ed. Ibrāhīm Abyārī et al., Cairo, al-Dār al-Miṣriyyah lil-Taʾlīf wa al-Tarjamah, 1959-1965 [Arabic].
58ـ Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Muʿtazilī, Dalāʾil al-Nubuwwah, ed. ʿAbd al-Karīm ʿUthmān, Beirut, Dār al-ʿArabiyyah, 1966 [Arabic].
59ـ Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Muʿtazilī, Faḍl al-Iʿtizāl wa-Ṭabaqāt al-Muʿtazilah, ed. Fuʾād Sayyid, Beirut, al-Maʿhad al-Almānī lil-Abḥāth al-Sharqiyyah, 2017 [Arabic].
60ـ Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Muʿtazilī, Sharḥ al-Uṣūl al-Khamsah, ed. Rabāb, Samīr Muṣṭafā, and Aḥmad b. Ḥusayn Ibn Abī Hāshim, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1422 AH [Arabic].
61ـ Salām, Muḥammad Zaghlūl, Athar al-Qurʾān fī Taṭawwur al-Naqd al-ʿArabī Ḥattā Ākhir al-Qarn al-Rābiʿ al-Hijrī, ed. Muḥammad Khalaf Allāh Aḥmad, Cairo, Dār al-Maʿārif, n.d. [Arabic].
62ـ Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq, al-Muṣannaf, ed. Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān al-Aʿẓamī, Beirut, 1983 [Arabic].
63ـ Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs, al-Musnad, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1400 AH [Arabic].
64ـ Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs, al-Risālah, ed. Aḥmad Shākir, Egypt, Maktabat al-Ḥalabī, 1358 AH [Arabic].
65ـ Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs, al-Tafsīr, ed. Aḥmad b. Muṣṭafā Farrān, Riyadh, n.p., 2006 [Arabic].
66ـ Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs, Ikhtilāf al-Ḥadīth, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1983 [Arabic].
67ـ Shafīʿī, Saʿīd, “Zamīneh-hā va Peyāmad-hā-ye Tafkīk-e Lafẓ az Maʿnā-ye Qurʾān-e Karīm dar Āthār-e Mutakallimān-e Qadīm-e Mosalmān”, Dīn va Donyā-ye Moʿāṣer, no. 16, 1401 SAH [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22096/rc.2023.561479.1071
68ـ Shāhīn, ʿAbd al-Ṣabūr, Tārīkh Qurʾān, tr. Ḥossein Seyyedi, Mashhad, Bunyād-e Pazhūheshhā-ye Eslāmī-ye Āstān-e Qods-e Raḍavī, 1382 SAH [Persian].
69ـ Shahrastānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm, al-Milal wa-al-Niḥal, Beirut, Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1404 AH [Arabic].
70ـ Shahrastānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm, Nihāyat al-Iqdām fī ʿIlm al-Kalām, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1425 AH [Arabic].
71ـ Shaykh Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Nu‘mān, Awā’il al-Maqālāt, ed. Ibrāhīm Anṣārī, Beirut, Dār al-Mufīd, 1993 [Arabic].
72ـ Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr, Jāmiʿ al-Bayān ʿan Taʾwīl Āy al-Qurʾān, Beirut, Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1412 AH [Arabic].
73ـ Ṭayālisī, Sulaymān b. Dāwūd, al-Musnad, ed. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Muḥsin Turkī, Giza, Dār Hajar, 1999 [Arabic].
74ـ Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar, al-Kashshāf ʿan Ḥaqāʾiq Ghawāmiḍ al-Tanzīl, ed. Muṣṭafā Ḥusayn Aḥmad, Beirut, Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1407 AH [Arabic].
